ABSTRACT
There are no studies of air pollution bio-indicators based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Costa Rica. In this study we present the results of a project that analyzed tree trunk lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in 40 urban parks located along the passage of wind through the city of San Jose in 2008 and 2009. The data were processed with GIS and are presented in an easy to understand color coded isoline map. Our results are consistent with the generally accepted view that lichens respond to the movement of air masses, decreasing their cover in the polluted areas. Furthermore, lichen cover matched the concentration of atmospheric nitrogen oxides from a previous study of the same area. Our maps should be incorporated to urban regulatory plans for the city of San José to zone the location of schools, hospitals and other facilities in need of clean air and to inexpensively assess the risk for breast cancer and respiratory diseases in several neighborhoods throughout the city.
En Costa Rica no hay estudios de la contaminación del aire basados en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). En este artículo se muestran los resultados de un estudio que analizó los líquenes en troncos de árboles de 40 parques urbanos situados a lo largo del paso del viento por la ciudad de San José, durante los años 2008 y 2009. Los datos fueron procesados mediante SIG y se presentan de manera simple en un mapa de isolíneas con códigos de color. Los resultados concuerdan con la opinión generalmente aceptada de que los líquenes reaccionan ante la circulación de masas de aire al decrecer su cobertura en las zonas más contaminadas. Además, la cobertura de líquenes coincidió con la concentración de óxidos de nitrógeno en la atmósfera, tomada de un estudio previo en la misma zona. Nuestros mapas deben incorporarse en los planes reguladores de la ciudad de San José para zonificar la ubicación de escuelas, hospitales y otros edificios que demanden aire puro, así como para identificar de manera económica el riesgo de cáncer de pecho y enfermedades respiratorias en los diferentes barrios de la ciudad.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , Cities , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Geographic Information Systems , Lichens/metabolism , Costa RicaABSTRACT
We report lichen cover change over a 20 years period for the Costa Rican capitol city. Foliaceous lichen cover was measured with a 10 x 10 cm template positioned 1.5 m above ground on the south, east, north and west sides of ten phorophytic trees per station (11 stations) from 1976 through 1997. Results were compared with previous measurements along an urban transect (at three heights above ground) and in a rural station. Lichen cover was correlated with traffic density and varied between stations and years. Mean lichen cover was 23 in 1976, 12 in 1986, 9 in 1990 and 22 in 1997. Most stations suffered a large cover reduction after 1976 but improved after 1990, possibly reflecting improved traffic regulations and elimination of lead (Pb) from gasoline. Cover values by cardinal orientation were: west 17, east 14, north 13 and south 12. Sidewalks of streets with more traffic had lower cover values. In the rural station, cover was lower than expected (possibly because of climate), and was not correlated with height above ground or cardinal orientation, in contrast with temperate regions. In polluted cities human activity should concentrate above the first floor of buildings (particularly in hospitals or schools) because pollution was found to concentrate in the first 2 m above ground.